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CODE: 27199D Buy ONET/DOT: Download or CD-ROM
TITLE: Linguistic Scientists DEFINITION: Study the structure and development of languages or a specific language or language group. TASKS: 1. Traces origin and evolution of words and syntax through comparative analysis of ancient parent languages and modern language groups. 2. Studies words and structural characteristics, such as morphology, semantics, phonology, accent, grammar, and literature. 3. Identifies and classifies obscure languages, both ancient and modern, according to family and origin. 4. Reconstructs and deciphers ancient languages from examples found in archeological remains of past civilizations. 5. Prepares description of sounds, forms, and vocabulary of language. 6. Develops improved methods in translation, including computerization. 7. Reduces previously unwritten languages to standardized written form. 8. Prepares descriptions of comparative languages to facilitate improvement of teaching and translation. 9. Contributes to development of linguistic theory. 10. Prepares tests for language-learning aptitudes and language proficiency. 11. Prepares language-teaching materials, such as dictionaries and handbooks. 12. Prepares literacy materials. 13. Teaches language to other than native speakers. 14. Consults with government agencies regarding language programs. KNOWLEDGE: Knowledge elements are ranked by importance. 96 Foreign Language Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation 92 English Language Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar 67 Education and Training Knowledge of instructional methods and training techniques including curriculum design principles, learning theory, group and individual teaching techniques, design of individual development plans, and test design principles 63 History and Archeology Knowledge of past historical events and their causes, indicators, and impact on particular civilizations and cultures 50 Sociology and Anthropology Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, cultures, their history, migrations, ethnicity, and origins 42 Computers and Electronics Knowledge of electric circuit boards, processors, chips, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming 33 Philosophy and Theology Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions, including their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, and practices, and their impact on human culture 33 Geography Knowledge of various methods for describing the location and distribution of land, sea, and air masses including their physical locations, relationships, and characteristics 25 Communications and Media Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods including alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media 21 Mathematics Knowledge of numbers, their operations, and interrelationships including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications 21 Administration and Management Knowledge of principles and processes involved in business and organizational planning, coordination, and execution. This includes strategic planning, resource allocation, manpower modeling, leadership techniques, and production methods 21 Clerical Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing systems, filing and records management systems, stenography and transcription, forms design principles, and other office procedures and terminology 17 Telecommunications Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems 17 Law, Government and Jurisprudence Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process 13 Psychology Knowledge of human behavior and performance, mental processes, psychological research methods, and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders 8 Economics and Accounting Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data 8 Physics Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, and applications including air, water, material dynamics, light, atomic principles, heat, electric theory, earth formations, and meteorological and related natural phenomena 4 Customer and Personal Service Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services including needs assessment techniques, quality service standards, alternative delivery systems, and customer satisfaction evaluation techniques 4 Biology Knowledge of plant and animal living tissue, cells, organisms, and entities, including their functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment 4 Therapy and Counseling Knowledge of information and techniques needed to rehabilitate physical and mental ailments and to provide career guidance including alternative treatments, rehabilitation equipment and its proper use, and methods to evaluate treatment effects SKILLS: Skills elements are ranked by importance. 92 Reading Comprehension Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents 92 Writing Communicating effectively with others in writing as indicated by the needs of the audience 88 Information Organization Finding ways to structure or classify multiple pieces of information 88 Speaking Talking to others to effectively convey information 83 Active Learning Working with new material or information to grasp its implications 83 Information Gathering Knowing how to find information and identifying essential information 75 Critical Thinking Using logic and analysis to identify the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches 71 Synthesis/Reorganization Reorganizing information to get a better approach to problems or tasks 71 Active Listening Listening to what other people are saying and asking questions as appropriate 67 Idea Evaluation Evaluating the likely success of an idea in relation to the demands of the situation 67 Learning Strategies Using multiple approaches when learning or teaching new things 63 Implementation Planning Developing approaches for implementing an idea 58 Solution Appraisal Observing and evaluating the outcomes of a problem solution to identify lessons learned or redirect efforts 58 Instructing Teaching others how to do something 58 Idea Generation Generating a number of different approaches to problems 54 Judgment and Decision Making Weighing the relative costs and benefits of a potential action 50 Systems Perception Determining when important changes have occurred in a system or are likely to occur 50 Product Inspection Inspecting and evaluating the quality of products 50 Visioning Developing an image of how a system should work under ideal conditions 42 Operations Analysis Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design 42 Testing Conducting tests to determine whether equipment, software, or procedures are operating as expected 38 Social Perceptiveness Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react the way they do 38 Monitoring Assessing how well one is doing when learning or doing something 33 Equipment Selection Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job 33 Time Management Managing one's own time and the time of others 33 Problem Identification Identifying the nature of problems 29 Coordination Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions 29 Systems Evaluation Looking at many indicators of system performance, taking into account their accuracy 29 Identification of Key Causes Identifying the things that must be changed to achieve a goal 29 Science Using scientific methods to solve problems 25 Identifying Downstream Consequences Determining the long-term outcomes of a change in operations 25 Mathematics Using mathematics to solve problems 21 Service Orientation Actively looking for ways to help people 17 Persuasion Persuading others to approach things differently 17 Management of Personnel Resources Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job 17 Management of Material Resources Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work 13 Technology Design Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs 8 Programming Writing computer programs for various purposes 8 Operation and Control Controlling operations of equipment or systems 4 Management of Financial Resources Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures . ABILITIES: Abilities elements are ranked by importance. 90 Oral Comprehension The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences 90 Written Comprehension The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing 90 Oral Expression The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand 85 Written Expression The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand 75 Speech Recognition The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person 70 Speech Clarity The ability to speak clearly so that it is understandable to a listener 60 Near Vision The ability to see details of objects at a close range (within a few feet of the observer) 55 Information Ordering The ability to correctly follow a given rule or set of rules in order to arrange things or actions in a certain order. The things or actions can include numbers, letters, words, pictures, procedures, sentences, and mathematical or logical operations. 55 Memorization The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures 50 Inductive Reasoning The ability to combine separate pieces of information, or specific answers to problems, to form general rules or conclusions. It includes coming up with a logical explanation for why a series of seemingly unrelated events occur together. 50 Deductive Reasoning The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to come up with logical answers. It involves deciding if an answer makes sense. 45 Speed of Closure The ability to quickly make sense of information that seems to be without meaning or organization. It involves quickly combining and organizing different pieces of information into a meaningful pattern 40 Hearing Sensitivity The ability to detect or tell the difference between sounds that vary over broad ranges of pitch and loudness 40 Auditory Attention The ability to focus on a single source of auditory (hearing) information in the presence of other distracting sounds 35 Category Flexibility The ability to produce many rules so that each rule tells how to group (or combine) a set of things in a different way. 35 Flexibility of Closure The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material 35 Fluency of Ideas The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a given topic. It concerns the number of ideas produced and not the quality, correctness, or creativity of the ideas. 30 Perceptual Speed The ability to quickly and accurately compare letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object 30 Originality The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem 25 Problem Sensitivity The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem. 25 Sound Localization The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated 25 Trunk Strength The ability to use one's abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing 15 Reaction Time The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to one signal (sound, light, picture, etc.) when it appears 15 Selective Attention The ability to concentrate and not be distracted while performing a task over a period of time 15 Number Facility The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly 15 Time Sharing The ability to efficiently shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources) 10 Visualization The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged 10 Finger Dexterity The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects 10 Wrist-Finger Speed The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists 5 Far Vision The ability to see details at a distance 5 Night Vision The ability to see under low light conditions 5 Response Orientation The ability to choose quickly and correctly between two or more movements in response to two or more signals (lights, sounds, pictures, etc.). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body parts 5 Visual Color Discrimination The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness 5 Gross Body Equilibrium The ability to keep or regain one's body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position 5 Rate Control The ability to time the adjustments of a movement or equipment control in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a continuously moving object or scene WORK ACTIVITIES: Work activities elements are ranked by importance. 83 Teaching Others Identifying educational needs, developing formal training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others. 79 Getting Information Needed to Do the Job Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources. 79 Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events Identifying information received by making estimates or categorizations, recognizing differences or similarities, or sensing changes in circumstances or events. 79 Analyzing Data or Information Identifying underlying principles, reasons, or facts by breaking down information or data into separate parts. 75 Interpreting Meaning of Information to Others Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be understood or used to support responses or feedback to others. 75 Making Decisions and Solving Problems Combining, evaluating, and reasoning with information and data to make decisions and solve problems. These processes involve making decisions about the relative importance of information and choosing the best solution. 71 Processing Information Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, verifying, or processing information or data. 58 Judging Qualities of Things, Services, or People Making judgments about or assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people. 54 Communicating With Persons Outside Organization Communicating with persons outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged face-to-face, in writing, or via telephone/electronic transfer. 50 Updating and Using Job-Relevant Knowledge Keeping up-to-date technically and knowing one's own jobs' and related jobs' functions. 50 Providing Consultation and Advice to Others Providing consultation and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-related, or process related topics. 50 Interacting With Computers Controlling computer functions by using programs, setting up functions, writing software, or otherwise communicating with computer systems. 46 Documenting or Recording Information Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in either written form or by electronic/magnetic recording. 46 Thinking Creatively Originating, inventing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions. 46 Implementing Ideas or Programs Conducting or carrying out work procedures and activities in accord with one's own ideas or information provided through directions/instructions for purposes of installing, modifying, preparing, delivering, constructing, integrating, finishing, or completing programs, systems, structures, or products. 38 Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Developing plans to accomplish work, and prioritizing and organizing one's own work. 38 Establishing and Maintaining Relationships Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others. 38 Evaluating Information Against Standards Evaluating information against a set of standards and verifying that it is correct. 38 Communicating With Other Workers Providing information to supervisors, fellow workers, and subordinates. This information can be exchanged face-to-face, in writing, or via telephone/electronic transfer. 33 Performing For or Working With Public Performing for people or dealing directly with the public, including serving persons in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests. 29 Estimating Needed Characteristics Estimating the Characteristics of Materials, Products, Events, or Information: Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities, or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity. 25 Performing Administrative Activities Approving requests, handling paperwork, and performing day-to-day administrative tasks. 25 Handling and Moving Objects Using one's own hands and arms in handling, installing, forming, positioning, and moving materials, or in manipulating things, including the use of keyboards. 25 Developing Objectives and Strategies Establishing long range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve these objectives. 21 Scheduling Work and Activities Scheduling events, programs, activities, as well as the work of others. 21 Coordinating Work and Activities of Others Coordinating members of a work group to accomplish tasks. 21 Monitor Processes, Material, or Surroundings Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, often to detect problems or to find out when things are finished. 21 Guiding, Directing and Motivating Subordinates Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring subordinates. 21 Coaching and Developing Others Identifying developmental needs of others and coaching or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills. 17 Performing General Physical Activities Performing physical activities that require moving one's whole body, such as in climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, where the activities often also require considerable use of the arms and legs, such as in the physical handling of materials. 17 Monitoring and Controlling Resources Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money. 8 Assisting and Caring for Others Providing assistance or personal care to others. 8 Selling or Influencing Others Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods, or otherwise changing their minds or actions. 8 Developing and Building Teams Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members. 4 Controlling Machines and Processes Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles). 4 Repairing and Maintaining Electrical Equipment Fixing, servicing, adjusting, regulating, calibrating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles. 4 Resolving Conflict or Negotiating with Others Handling complaints, arbitrating disputes, and resolving grievances, or otherwise negotiating with others. 4 Staffing Organizational Units Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting persons for the organization. 4 Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material Inspecting or diagnosing equipment, structures, or materials to identify the causes of errors or other problems or defects. 4 Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment Fixing, servicing, aligning, setting up, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles. WORK CONTEXT: Work context elements are ranked by frequency (F), importance (I), responsibility (R), amount of contact (C), how serious (S), objective vs. subjective (O), automation (A), extent of frustration (E), responsible for health and safety (H), likelihood of injury (L), degree of injury (D) . 95 (F) Indoors How frequently does this job require the worker to work: Indoors 70 (F) Sitting How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Sitting? 60 (I) Importance of Being Exact or Accurate How important is being very exact or highly accurate in performing this job? 56 (I) Importance of Being Sure All Is Done How important is it to be sure that all the details of this job are performed and everything is done completely? 45 (F) Standing How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Standing? 43 (O) Objective or Subjective Information How objective or subjective is the information communicated in this job? 40 (C) Job-Required Social Interaction How much does this job require the worker to be in contact (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) with others in order to perform it? 40 (I) Coordinate or Lead Others How important are interactions requiring the worker to: Coordinate or lead others in accomplishing work activities (not supervision)? 36 (I) Importance of Being Aware of New Events How important is being constantly aware of either frequently changing events (e.g. security guard watching for shoplifters) or infrequent events (e.g. radar operator watching for tornadoes) to performing this job? 32 (I) Supervise, Coach, Train Others How important are interactions requiring the worker to: Supervise, coach, train, or develop other employees? 32 (I) Provide a Service to Others How important are interactions requiring the worker to: Provide a service to others (e.g., customers)? 30 (S) Consequence of Error How serious would the result usually be if the worker made a mistake that was not readily correctable? 26 (R) Responsibility for Outcomes and Results How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers? 20 (F) Using Hands on Objects, Tools, Controls How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Using hands to handle, control, or feel objects, tools or controls? 20 (F) Making Repetitive Motions How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Making repetitive motions? 20 (I) Deal With External Customers How important are interactions requiring the worker to: Deal with external customers (e.g., retail sales) or the public in general (e.g., police work)? 17 (E) Frustrating Circumstances To what extent do frustrating circumstances ("road blocks" to work that are beyond the worker's control) hinder the accomplishment of this job? 16 (I) Persuade Someone to a Course of Action How important are interactions requiring the worker to: Persuade someone to a course of action (informally) or influence others to buy something (to sell)? 12 (I) Importance of Repeating Same Tasks How important is repeating the same physical activities (e.g., key entry) or mental activities (e.g., checking entries in a ledger) over and over, without stopping, to performing this job? 12 (I) Take a Position Opposed to Others How important are interactions requiring the worker to: Take a position opposed to coworkers or others? 10 (F) Frequency in Conflict Situations How frequently do the job requirements place the worker in conflict situations? 10 (F) Bending or Twisting the Body How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Bending or twisting the body? 10 (F) Hazardous Situations How often does this job require the worker to be exposed to harardous situations? Hazardous Situations involving likely cuts, bites, stings, or minor burns 10 (F) Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People How frequently does the worker have to deal with unpleasant, angry, or discourteous individuals as part of the job requirements? 9 (H) Responsible for Health and Safety of Others How responsible is the worker for others' health and safety on this job? 6 (L) Hazardous Situations What is the likelihood that the worker would be injured as a result of being exposed to hazardous situations while performing this job? Hazardous Situations involving likely cuts, bites, stings, or minor burns 5 (F) Outdoors How frequently does this job require the worker to work: Outdoors 5 (F) Walking or Running How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Walking or running? 5 (F) Kneeling, Crouching or Crawling How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Kneeling, stooping, crouching or crawling? 5 (F) Keeping or Regaining Balance How much time in a usual work period does the worker spend: Keeping or regaining balance? 5 (F) Deal With Physically Aggressive People How frequently does this job require the worker to deal with physical aggression of violent individuals? 5 (F) Sounds or Noise Levels Are Distracting How often during a usual work period is the worker exposed to the following conditions: Sounds and noise levels that are distracting and uncomfortable? 5 (F) Very Hot How often during a usual work period is the worker exposed to the following conditions: Very hot (above 90 F) or very cold (under 32 F) temperatures? 5 (F) Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting How often during a usual work period is the worker exposed to the following conditions: Extremely bright or inadequate lighting conditions? 5 (F) Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions How often during a usual work period is the worker exposed to the following conditions: Cramped work space that requires getting into awkward positions? 4 (D) Hazardous Situations If injury, due to exposure to hazardous situations, were to occur while performing this job, how serious would be the likely outcome? Hazardous Situations involving likely cuts, bites, stings, or minor burns 4 (I) Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment How important is it to this job that the pace is determined by the speed of equipment or machinery? (This does not refer to keeping busy at all times on this job.) INTERESTS: Interest elements are ranked by occupational interest. 94 Investigative Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally. 61 Artistic Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules. 56 Social Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others. 33 Conventional Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow. 17 Enterprising Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business. 17 Realistic Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others. WORK VALUES: Work values elements are ranked by extent. 86 Achievement-Mean Extent Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement. 84 Independence-Mean Extent Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employs to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy. 61 Working Conditions-Mean Extent Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions. 56 Relationships-Mean Extent Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service. 52 Recognition-Mean Extent Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social Status. 33 Support-Mean Extent Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical. 94 Autonomy Workers on this job plan their work with little supervision 88 Achievement Workers on this job get a feeling of accomplishment 84 Ability Utilization Workers on this job make use of their individual abilities 81 Creativity Workers on this job try out their own ideas 78 Working Conditions Workers on this job have good working conditions 78 Responsibility Workers on this job make decisions on their own 69 Moral Values Workers on this job are never pressured to do things that go against their sense of right and wrong 66 Recognition Workers on this job receive recognition for the work they do 63 Social Status Workers on this job are looked up to by others in their company and their community 63 Independence Workers on this job do their work alone 63 Variety Workers on this job have something different to do every day 59 Security Workers on this job have steady employment 56 Activity Workers on this job are busy all the time 56 Social Service Workers on this job have work where they do things for other people 53 Company Policies and Practices Workers on this job are treated fairly by the company 50 Compensation Workers on this job are paid well in comparison with other workers 44 Co-workers Workers on this job have co-workers who are easy to get along with 44 Authority Workers on this job give directions and instructions to others 38 Supervision, Human Relations Workers on this job have supervisors who back up their workers with management 38 Advancement Workers on this job have opportunities for advancement 9 Supervision, Technical Workers on this job have supervisors who train their workers well CROSSWALKS:
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